Command	Description
ls -[l]	List Files in Current Directory
ls -[l]a	List Hidden Files
~	Home Directory
~user	Home Directory of Another User
?	Wild Card, matches single character
*	Wild Card, matches multiple characters

Command	Description
cat filename	Display File Contents
cp source destination	Copy source file into destination
mv oldname newname	Move (Rename) a oldname to newname.
rm filename	Remove (Delete) filename
chmod nnn filename	Changing Permissions
touch filename	Changing Modification Time
ln [-s] oldname newname	Creates softlink on oldname
ls -F	Display information about file type.

Command	Description
mkdir dirname	Create a new directory dirname
rmdir dirname	Delete an existing directory provided it is empty.
cd dirname	Change Directory to dirname
cd -	Change to last working directory.
cd ~	Change to home directory
pwd	Display current working directory.

Escape Sequence	Description
\t	Current time, expressed as HH:MM:SS.
\d	Current date, expressed as Weekday Month Date
\n	Newline.
\s	Current shell environment.
\W	Working directory.
\w	Full path of the working directory.
\u	Current user.s username.
\h	Hostname of the current machine.
\#	Command number of the current command. Increases with each new command entered.
\$	If the effective UID is 0 (that is, if you are logged in as root), end the prompt with the # character; otherwise, use the $.

Variable	Description
DISPLAY	Contains the identifier for the display that X11 programs should use by default.
HOME	Indicates the home directory of the current user: the default argument for the cd built-in command.
IFS	Indicates the Internal Field Separator that is used by the parser for word splitting after expansion.
LANG	LANG expands to the default system locale; LC_ALL can be used to override this. For example, if its value is pt_BR, then the language is set to (Brazilian) Portuguese and the locale to Brazil.
LD_LIBRARY_PATH	On many Unix systems with a dynamic linker, contains a colon-separated list of directories that the dynamic linker should search for shared objects when building a process image after exec, before searching in any other directories.
PATH	Indicates search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for commands.
PWD	Indicates the current working directory as set by the cd command.
RANDOM	Generates a random integer between 0 and 32,767 each time it is referenced.
SHLVL	Increments by one each time an instance of bash is started. This variable is useful for determining whether the built-in exit command ends the current session.
TERM	Refers to the display type
TZ	Refers to Time zone. It can take values like GMT, AST, etc.
UID	Expands to the numeric user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup.

Command	Description
wc [-l]	Word/Line Count
tail [-n]	Displays last n lines from a file
sort [-n]	Sort lines
pr -t	Multicolumn Output
grep "pattern" filename	Searching for a pattern with grep
pg or more	Paginate a file content display.

Variable	Description
$0	The filename of the current script.
$n	These variables correspond to the arguments with which a script was invoked. Here n is a positive decimal number corresponding to the position of an argument (the first argument is $1, the second argument is $2, and so on).
$#	The number of arguments supplied to a script.
$*	All the arguments are double quoted. If a script receives two arguments, $* is equivalent to $1 $2.
$@	All the arguments are individually double quoted. If a script receives two arguments, $@ is equivalent to $1 $2.
$?	The exit status of the last command executed.
$$	The process number of the current shell. For shell scripts, this is the process ID under which they are executing.
$!	The process number of the last background command.

Operator	Description	Example
+	Addition - Adds values on either side of the operator	`expr $a + $b` will give 30
-	Subtraction - Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand	`expr $a - $b` will give -10
*	Multiplication - Multiplies values on either side of the operator	`expr $a * $b` will give 200
/	Division - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand	`expr $b / $a` will give 2
%	Modulus - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns remainder	`expr $b % $a` will give 0
=	Assignment - Assign right operand in left operand	a=$b would assign value of b into a
==	Equality - Compares two numbers, if both are same then returns true.	[ $a == $b ] would return false.
!=	Not Equality - Compares two numbers, if both are different then returns true.	[ $a != $b ] would return true.

Operator	Description	Example
-eq	Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true.	[ $a -eq $b ] is not true.
-ne	Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true.	[ $a -ne $b ] is true.
-gt	Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.	[ $a -gt $b ] is not true.
-lt	Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.	[ $a -lt $b ] is true.
-ge	Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.	[ $a -ge $b ] is not true.
-le	Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.	[ $a -le $b ] is true.

Operator	Description	Example
!	This is logical negation. This inverts a true condition into false and vice versa.	[ ! false ] is true.
-o	This is logical OR. If one of the operands is true then condition would be true.	[ $a -lt 20 -o $b -gt 100 ] is true.
-a	This is logical AND. If both the operands are true then condition would be true otherwise it would be false.	[ $a -lt 20 -a $b -gt 100 ] is false.

Operator	Description	Example
=	Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true.	[ $a = $b ] is not true.
!=	Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true.	[ $a != $b ] is true.
-z	Checks if the given string operand size is zero. If it is zero length then it returns true.	[ -z $a ] is not true.
-n	Checks if the given string operand size is non-zero. If it is non-zero length then it returns true.	[ -z $a ] is not false.
str	Check if str is not the empty string. If it is empty then it returns false.	[ $a ] is not false.

Operator	Description	Example
-b file	Checks if file is a block special file if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -b $file ] is false.
-c file	Checks if file is a character special file if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -c $file ] is false.
-d file	Check if file is a directory if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -d $file ] is not true.
-f file	Check if file is an ordinary file as opposed to a directory or special file if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -f $file ] is true.
-g file	Checks if file has its set group ID (SGID) bit set if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -g $file ] is false.
-k file	Checks if file has its sticky bit set if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -k $file ] is false.
-p file	Checks if file is a named pipe if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -p $file ] is false.
-t file	Checks if file descriptor is open and associated with a terminal if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -t $file ] is false.
-u file	Checks if file has its set user id (SUID) bit set if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -u $file ] is false.
-r file	Checks if file is readable if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -r $file ] is true.
-w file	Check if file is writable if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -w $file ] is true.
-x file	Check if file is execute if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -x $file ] is true.
-s file	Check if file has size greater than 0 if yes then condition becomes true.	[ -s $file ] is true.
-e file	Check if file exists. Is true even if file is a directory but exists.	[ -e $file ] is true.

Form	Description
${var}	Substitue the value of var.
${var:-word}	If var is null or unset, word is substituted for var. The value of var does not change.
${var:=word}	If var is null or unset, var is set to the value of word.
${var:?message}	If var is null or unset, message is printed to standard error. This checks that variables are set correctly.
${var:+word}	If var is set, word is substituted for var. The value of var does not change.

Command	Description
pgm > file	Output of pgm is redirected to file
pgm < file	Program pgm reads its input from file.
pgm >> file	Output of pgm is appended to file.
n > file	Output from stream with descriptor n redirected to file.
n >> file	Output from stream with descriptor n appended to file.
n >& m	Merge output from stream n with stream m.
n <& m	Merge input from stream n with stream m.
<< tag	Standard input comes from here through next tag at start of line.
|	Takes output from one program, or process, and sends it to another.

login : amrood
amrood's password:
Last login: Sun Jun 14 09:32:32 2009 from 62.61.164.73
$

						
The if...fi statement:

if [ expression ]
then
   Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
fi

						
The if...else...fi statement:

if [ expression ]
then
   Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
else
   Statement(s) to be executed if expression is not true
fi

						
The if...elif...fi statement:

if [ expression 1 ]
then
   Statement(s) to be executed if expression 1 is true
elif [ expression 2 ]
then
   Statement(s) to be executed if expression 2 is true
elif [ expression 3 ]
then
   Statement(s) to be executed if expression 3 is true
else
   Statement(s) to be executed if no expression is true
fi

						
The case...esac Statement:

case word in
  pattern1)
     Statement(s) to be executed if pattern1 matches
     ;;
  pattern2)
     Statement(s) to be executed if pattern2 matches
     ;;
  pattern3)
     Statement(s) to be executed if pattern3 matches
     ;;
esac

						
The while Loop:

while command
do
   Statement(s) to be executed if command is true
done

						
The for Loop:

for var in word1 word2 ... wordN
do
   Statement(s) to be executed for every word.
done

						
The until Loop:

until command
do
   Statement(s) to be executed until command is true
done

						
The select Loop:

select var in word1 word2 ... wordN
do
   Statement(s) to be executed for every word.
done

						
The break statement:

break [n]

						
The continue statement:

continue [n]

						
Command Substitution:

`command`

						
Variable Substitution:

$man command